Writing and Language Test

35 Minutes—44 Questions

This section corresponds to Section 2 of your answer sheet.

Directions: Each passage in this section is followed by several questions. Some questions will reference an underlined portion in the passage; others will ask you to consider a part of a passage or the passage as a whole. For each question, choose the answer that reflects the best use of grammar, punctuation, and style. If a passage or question is accompanied by a graphic, take the graphic into account in choosing your response(s). Some questions will have “NO CHANGE” as a possible response. Choose that answer if you think the best choice is to leave the sentence as written.

 

Questions 1–11 are based on the following passage.
The Age of the Librarian

    When Kristen Harris  1  is in college, she worked in her university’s library and was constantly told, “You really should be studying to be a librarian; this is  2  your home” however Harris was pursuing a bachelor’s degree in elementary education at the time. Little did she realize that becoming a school librarian was indeed  3  elective. During the 21st century, the age of information, what could be more necessary than an individual trained to gather, process, and disseminate information? So, after teaching children in the classroom, Harris went back to school to earn her Master of Library Science degree.

    Today, Harris is preparing a story time for a group of young students. As it has done with everything else, the technology revolution has elevated the school library to “Library 2.0.” Harris’s tablet-integrated story time begins when she projects images for The Very Cranky Bear onto a projector screen. As a child, Harris got excited whenever a puppet appeared during story time, but now she uses an interactive app (application software) to enhance her own story time and  4  integrate this next generation of children.

     As she introduces the children to the problem of cheering up a cranky  5  bear, Harris sees Miguel scouring the library shelves for another book by a popular author.  6   Miguel had said asking Harris for a book two weeks earlier “If you have any funny stories, I like those.” “It will always be satisfying,” reflects Harris, “to find books for students and have them return to say, ‘I really liked that one. Are there any more by that author?’”

      7  Harris maintains active profiles on multiple social media networks to connect with her students more effectively. Harris would call herself a media mentor as much as a librarian because she regularly visits her favorite websites for reviews of apps and other digital tools to suggest to students and parents. Librarians have always been an important resource for families in a community, but this importance has grown exponentially because of the advent of technology. Librarians are offering guidance about new media to address the changing information needs in our communities.Furthermore, libraries are becoming increasingly technology driven, for example,  8  enabling access to collections of other libraries,  offering remote access to databases, or they house video production studios.   9    Harris sponsors a weekly “Fun Read” book discussion club that is well attended by many of the students at her school. So,  in Harris’s opinion, librarians must be masters of the digital world.

    Harris finishes her story time and heads across the library. A young student stops her and asks, “Ms. Harris, what’s new in the library?”   10  She chuckles and thinks about the many collections, services,  and programs their school library offers. “Have you seen the Trendy 10 list? You read the books on the list and blog  11  your ideas aboutthem. I’ll set you up with a password and username so you can blog,” says Harris. In this library full of information, she’s the gatekeeper.

1. A) NO CHANGE

    B) has been

    C) was

    D) had been

2. A) NO CHANGE

    B) your home,” however Harris

    C) your home.”; However Harris

    D) your home.” However, Harris

3. A) NO CHANGE

    B) imminent

    C) threatening

    D) optional

4. A) NO CHANGE

    B) enervate

    C) energize

    D) elucidate

5. A) NO CHANGE

    B) bear; Harris sees Miguel

    C) bear: Harris sees Miguel

    D) bear Harris sees Miguel

6. A) NO CHANGE

   B) Miguel had said, “If you have any funny stories, I like those,” asking Harris for a book two weeks earlier.

    C) Asking Harris for a book two weeks earlier, Miguel had said, “If you have any funny stories, I like those.”

    D) Miguel asked Harris for a book two weeks earlier had said, “If you have any funny stories, I like those.”

7. Which sentence would most effectively establish the main idea of the paragraph?

     A) NO CHANGE

   B) In addition to finding books for students, Harris is expected to meet their digital needs.

    C) Librarians still perform many traditional tasks such as putting great literature in the hands of their students.

   D) In the future, many school libraries are unlikely to have books on the shelves because students prefer electronic media.

8. A) NO CHANGE

  B) by enabling access to collections of other libraries, offering remote access to databases, or by housing video production studios.

  C) they enable access to collections of other libraries, offering remote access to databases, or they house video production studios.

  D) enabling access to collections of other libraries, offering remote access to databases, or housing video production studios.

9. Which sentence provides evidence that best supports the main idea of the paragraph?

  A) NO CHANGE

 B) Librarians continue to help students and teachers locate the perfect book in the library’s collection.

 C) Teachers frequently ask Harris to recommend educational apps to support early literacy for their students.

  D) Many parents are concerned with online safety and

digital citizenship due to the proliferation of social media.

10. A) NO CHANGE

      B) He chuckles

      C) Harris chuckles

      D) They chuckle

11. A) NO CHANGE

     B) they’re

     C) you’re

     D) their

Questions 12–22 are based on the following passage.
Unforeseen Consequences: The Dark Side of the Industrial Revolution

       There is no doubt that the Industrial Revolution guided America through the nascent stages of independence 12  and into being a robust economic powerhouse. Inventions like the cotton gin revolutionized the textile industry, and the steam engine ushered in the advent of expeditious cross-country distribution.

     The Industrial Revolution marked a shift from an agrarian to an industry-centered society. People eschewed farming in favor of 13 more lucrative enterprises in urban areas which put a strain on existing local resources. Necessary goods such as 14 food crops, vegetables, and meat products also had to be shipped in order to meet the dietary needs of a consolidated population. And because there were fewer people farming, food had to travel farther and in higher quantities to meet demand. Issues like carbon dioxide emissions, therefore, arose not only as by-products of industrial production but also from the delivery of these products. Moreover, booming metropolises needed additional lumber, metal, and coal shipped from rural areas to sustain population and industrial growth.

    15 [1] The negative effects of such expansion on humans were immediately apparent; improper water sanitation led to cholera outbreaks in big cities. [2] Miners suffered from black lung after spending hours harvesting coal in dark caverns. [3] Combusted fossil fuels 16 released unprecedented amounts of human-made carbon dioxide into the air, resulting in respiratory ailments. [4] The fact remains that smog, now an internationally recognized buzzword, simply did not exist before the factories that produced it.

   The critical impact on the environment must also 17 be taken into account. Proper regulations were either not in place or not enforced. Industrial waste was often disposed of in the nearest river or buried in landfills, where it 18  polluted groundwater essential for wildlife to thrive. Deforestation across the United States served the dual   purpose of providing inhabitable land and wood, but it also caused animals to migrate or die out completely.

     Although the Industrial Revolution heralded an age of consumer ease and excess, it also invited a cyclical process of destruction and reduced resources. 19 Greenhouse gases were released into the atmosphere. Numerous health problems caused by 20  depressing  working conditions prevented rural emigrants from thriving. And the environment that had cradled humankind since its inception was slowly being 21 degraded. All in the name of progress. 22

 12. A) NO CHANGE

       B) and into the role of a robust economic powerhouse.

       C) and turned into a robust economic powerhouse.

       D) and then became a robust economic powerhouse.

13. A) NO CHANGE

      B) more lucrative enterprises in urban areas, which put a strain on

      C) more lucrative enterprises in urban areas; which put a strain on

      D) more lucrative enterprises in urban areas. Which put a strain on

14. A) NO CHANGE

     B) food

     C) food crops

     D) vegetables and meat products

15. To effectively transition from paragraph 2, which sentence should begin paragraph 3?

      A) Sentence 1

      B) Sentence 2

      C) Sentence 3

      D) Sentence 4

16. Which graphic would best support the underlined claim?

      A) A line graph plotting an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide over time

   B) A pie chart comparing the present percentages of carbon dioxide and other atmospheric gases

     C) A timeline tracking carbon dioxide emissions testing dates

     D) A bar graph showing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide in different locations

17. Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion?

     A) be taken into account, and proper regulations

     B) be taken into account since without proper regulations

     C) be taken into account because proper regulations

     D) be taken into account; however, proper regulations

18. A) NO CHANGE

      B) disturbed

      C) drained

      D) enhanced

19. Which choice should be added to the end of the underlined sentence to better support the claim in the preceding sentence?

    A) NO CHANGE

   B) while carbon dioxide–consuming trees were cut down to make way for new living spaces.

  C) and caused an increase in global temperatures as well as a rise in coastal sea levels.

   D) faster than they could be absorbed by the atmosphere’s shrinking ozone layer.

20. A) NO CHANGE

      B) urban

      C) substandard

      D) developing

21. A) NO CHANGE

      B) degraded; all

      C) degraded! All

      D) degraded—all

22. Which choice most effectively states the central idea of the essay?

    A) The Industrial Revolution created a new consumer society that replaced the existing farming society.

    B) Politicians and historians today disagree about the true consequences of the Industrial Revolution.

    C) Although some analysts suggest that industrialization had many problems, its immense benefits outweigh these Concerns.

    D) Unfortunately, progress came at the expense of environmental and ecological preservation and may well have ruined the future that once looked so bright.

Questions 23–33 are based on the following passage.
Remembering Freud

    Psychology has grown momentously over the past century, largely due to the influence of Sigmund Freud, a pioneer of the field. This Austrian-born neurologist founded the practice of psychoanalysis and 23 began scientific study of the unconscious mind. 24  Since his  career which ended in the mid-twentieth century, Freud has remained a common cultural and scientific reference point. 25   Even the  abiding popularity of terms such as “id,” “ego,” and talking about a “Freudian slip” serves to indicate how this psychologist lingers powerfully in Western memory.

     As neuroscience has progressed, many early practices and theories, including some of Freud’s, have been dismissed as outdated, unscientific, or even harmful. Much of Freud’s theory, clinical practice, and even lifestyle are now discredited. But when considered in his historical context, alongside the astounding progress catalyzed by his work, Freud’s contribution was significant indeed.

       26 Because he is now widely referred to as the Father of Psychoanalysis, Freud was among the first to develop the now- commonplace psychological method of inviting patients to speak  freely. For Freud, this was both study and treatment. It helped doctors to understand patients, but more importantly it helped patients to understand themselves. Freud employed the classic (now largely outdated) psychiatric style in which the patient lies face-up on a  clinical bed, allegedly enabling access to deep 27 parts of the mind. These are better known as the unconscious or subconscious, and  they fascinated Freud.

         28 He believed that uncovering repressed memories, was necessary for recovery. For Freud, understanding the activity of the innermost mind was essential. 29 In dealing with the conditions of patients, like neurosis or other psychological trauma, he suspected that there was a great deal going on beneath the “surface” of the psyche. He thought it was possible to reunite external, or conscious, thought with the internal, or unconscious. 30 At the same time that Freud practiced, many people were interested in spiritualism. Moreover, the method of inviting patients to speak and process their thoughts aloud remains central to today’s psychological practice.

      Freud altered the course of twentieth-century medicine by initiating what would become a grand, global conversation about the 31 still vastly mysterious human mind before Freud, medicine had barely scratched the surface in understanding mental health. Patients were met with very few answers, let alone recovery protocols. 32 Through trial and error—scientific method in action—Freud’s finding of a  method that seemed to work. Since then, decades of ever-sharpening science have used his work as a launching pad. Therefore, as long    as occasions arise to celebrate the progress of 33 the field, Sigmund Freud will be remembered for groundbreaking work that enabled countless advances.

23. A) NO CHANGE

      B) continued

      C) spearheaded

      D) led to

24. A) NO CHANGE

      B) Since his career, which ended in the mid-twentieth century, Freud has remained

      C) Since his career ending in the mid-twentieth century; Freud has remained

      D) Since his career (ending in the mid-twentieth century) Freud has remained

25. A) NO CHANGE

      B) Even the abiding popularity of terms such as the “id,” “ego,” and a “Freudian slip”

    C) Even the abiding popularity of terms such as talking about an “id,” “ego,” and “Freudian slip”

      D) Even the abiding popularity of terms such as “id,” “ego,” and “Freudian slip.”

26. A) NO CHANGE

     B) Widely remembered as the Father of Psychoanalysis, Freud was among the first to develop the now-commonplace psychological method of inviting patients to speak freely.

   C) Freud was among the first to develop the now- commonplace psychological method of inviting patients to speak freely, which is why he is now widely remembered as the Father of Psychoanalysis.

    D) Although he is widely remembered as the Father of Psychoanalysis, Freud was among the first to develop the now-commonplace psychological method of inviting patients to speak freely.

27. A) NO CHANGE

      B) recesses

      C) places

      D) components

28. A) NO CHANGE

      B) He believed that uncovering repressed memories, being necessary for recovery.

      C) He believed that uncovering repressed memories was necessary for recovery.

      D) He believed that uncovering, repressed memories was necessary for recovery.

29. A) NO CHANGE

     B) In dealing with patients’ conditions, like neurosis or other psychological trauma, he suspected that

    C) In dealing with patients like neurosis or other psychological trauma conditions he suspected that

   D) He suspected that, in dealing with patients’ conditions like neurosis or other psychological trauma,

30. Which sentence provides the best support for the ideas presented in this section?

     A) NO CHANGE

    B) Freud lived and worked mostly in London although he had originally trained in Austria.

    C) While some of Freud’s more unusual practices have been criticized or abandoned, his interest in the unconscious altered the trajectory of the field.

    D) Psychologists today employ many theories, not just those developed by Freud.

31. A) NO CHANGE

      B) still vastly mysterious human mind. Before Freud, medicine

      C) still vastly mysterious human mind, before Freud, medicine

      D) still vastly mysterious human mind before Freud. Medicine

32. A) NO CHANGE

     B) Through trial and error—scientific method in action—Freud’s finding a method that seems to work.

   C) Through trial and error—scientific method in action—Freud finds a method that seemed to work.

   D) Through trial and error—scientific method in action—Freud found a method that seemed to work.

33. A) NO CHANGE

      B) the field; Sigmund Freud will be remembered for groundbreaking work that

      C) the field Sigmund Freud will be remembered for groundbreaking work that

      D) the field Sigmund Freud will be remembered for groundbreaking work, and that

Questions 34–44 are based on the following passage and supplementary material.

Success in Montreal

     The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone  Layer is an international treaty that was created to ensure that steps would be taken to reverse damage to Earth’s ozone layer and 34 preventing future damage. 35 It was signed in 1987. This document created restrictions on chemicals that were known to be dangerous to the protective barrier that the ozone layer offers Earth. Without the ozone layer, the sun’s dangerous UV rays would alter our climate so drastically, life on land and in water would cease to exist.

       A hole in Earth’s ozone layer was discovered over Antarctica 36 as long as two years prior to the signing of the treaty. The discovery brought the human impact on the environment to the forefront of 37 international conversation, the massive hole was evidence that a  global response was necessary and that large-scale action was needed. The Montreal Protocol became effective January 1, 1989,   and nearly 100 gases deemed dangerous to the ozone layer have been phased out. As a result, 38 the average size of the ozone hole decreased significantly during the 1990s.

       Now that a substantial amount of time has passed since the treaty was put into place, the effects can begin to be 39 looked at. As a part  of the treaty, the Montreal Protocol’s Scientific Assessment Panel was created to gauge 40 their effect on the hole in the ozone layer. The Panel has since reported the results every four years. The Panel predicts that the ozone layer will return to its former state of health by 2075. 41

       [1] While the treaty is already an obvious success, work continues  to ensure that human strides in technology and industry do not  reverse the healing process. [2] The Montreal Protocol’s Multilateral Fund was established to help developing countries transition away from the consumption and production of harmful chemicals. [3] So far, over $3 billion has been invested by the Fund. [4] The developing countries are referred to as “Article 5 countries.” 42

       [1] The Montreal Protocol is a living document. [2] A current amendment proposition has been put forth by the United States, Mexico, and Canada jointly. [3] It aims to cut down on harmful gases that were put into use as an alternative to the gases specified in the original Montreal Protocol treaty. [4] It has been amended four times since its inception. [5] Combating the erosion of our ozone layer will take time and flexibility, but the research is clear: If humans stay conscious of what we emit into the atmosphere, we can not only stall the damage we have done in the past, but we can 43  change it. 44

 

34. A) NO CHANGE

      B) to prevent

      C) prevented

      D) was preventing

35. Which choice most effectively combines the sentences in the underlined portion?

      A) Signed in 1987, this document

     B) Because it was signed in 1987, this document

     C) It was signed in 1987, and this document

     D) It was signed in 1987 so this document

36. A) NO CHANGE

      B) long ago, two years prior.

      C) two years prior.

      D) years prior.

37. A) NO CHANGE

      B) international conversation, yet the massive hole

      C) international conversation. The massive hole

      D) international conversation, so the massive hole

38. Which choice completes the sentence with accurate data based on the graphic?

     A) NO CHANGE

     B) the average size of the ozone hole leveled off beginning in the 1990s.

     C) the average size of the ozone hole decreased beginning in the 2000s.

     D) the average size of the ozone hole increased beginning in the 1980s.

39. A) NO CHANGE

      B) controlled.

      C) measured.

      D) governed.

40. A) NO CHANGE

      B) its

      C) it’s

      D) there

41. Which choice could be added to paragraph 3 to most effectively convey its central idea?

A) It is the Panel’s current estimation that the ozone layer is beginning to heal, but the rate of progress is slow.

B) The Panel meets once a year to assess the increase or decrease of each gas that has been identified as dangerous.

C) Of much concern to the Panel was the effect of ultraviolet radiation on the ozone layer.

D) The Panel has recently updated procedures for the nomination and selection of its membership.

42. Which sentence in paragraph 4 provides the least amount of support for the central idea of the paragraph?

     A) Sentence 1

     B) Sentence 2

     C) Sentence 3

     D) Sentence 4

43. A) NO CHANGE

     B) switch

     C) invert

     D) reverse

44. For the sake of cohesion of this paragraph, sentence 4 should

be placed

     A) where it is now.

    B) before sentence 1.

    C) after sentence 1.

    D) after sentence 2.